The Economy Essay Free Essays

string(170) had developed as to a greater extent a force to be reckoned with in the late nineteenth century with how well things went with the military and monetary exchange and pioneer focuses all aided this. The economy has been something extremely essential to society as a result of how much it’s influenced our every day lives. Also The Great Depression, which was something tremendous that occurred ever. Most presidents had attempted to fix the economy in the manner yet they couldn’t fix everything. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Economy Essay or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now A great deal of Americans confronted difficulties because of a terrible economy at various focuses ever. It would likewise be viewed as a difficulty to the administration, due to their inclusion and what they experienced. In the first place, getting into The Great Depression we see that it hugy affected society being that it wasn’t disregarded it had offered ascend to new flights in financial hypothesis. (Rothermund, 1996) It made organized commerce among various nations be exhausted at the time influencing those different nations and driving them on to lose development. It’s almost certainly that The Great Depression didn’t just influence America however different nations were likewise stung. The fiscal hypothesis was presented with the amount of cash provided at that point, with presenting a highest quality level it was thought to get us out in this intense time. In the event that we could utilize gold bars instead of money to help accommodate the nation it was said we’d be in an ideal situation. Gracefully and request was a major factor, being that it was expected to animate the economy. It didn’t assist that with peopling weren’t purchasing anything for the dissemination of money to lessen through it’s cycle, and in this way help support the economy. That, thus made wages be brought down harming that regular person. Universal exchange had gone up, all the nations were harming so awful that they had no real option except to raise the cost of products to bring in the cash that they needed. From that, nations had no real option except to purchase the merchandise, so they needed to venture into the red from putting their buys using a credit card. At the time pressure was put on the worker rancher who as of now wasn’t making a ton of cash had been burdened intensely because of the need of produce screwing him the two different ways. Obligation, affects the past as well as what's to come. At the point when individuals investigate how much obligation an individual has it detrimentally affects loaning them cash. Likewise, nations paying off debtors had utilized gold as a methods for exchange since they had no way out with the loan bosses perceiving the amount they owed thought about back them giving no decision yet as well. Tax collection was another enormous thing that influenced the span of The Great Depression. With high expenses, it was a major factor since it played into economy making various organizations and companies not ricochet back or recuperate that rapidly. Something that influenced the economy during the time is war obligations from our partners that owed us billions of dollars and we required it back. It would’ve animated the economy in the event that they had paid those back in that period of scarcity. During The Great Depression Harlem had become a spot for some acclaimed writers, artists, or well known dark figure to move to. (Greenberg, 1997) Likewise, dark political action had gone up during this time such an excess of causing the Harlem Renaissance. During the 1920s, the number of inhabitants in blacks in Manhattan had gone from 5 to 12 percent. At that point by 1930 55 percent of every single outside dark lived in New York City. Harlem was taken a gander at as the best dark city on the planet, and had a great deal of positive vitality. Through all the inconsistent rights blacks had at that point, it made joblessness ascend in Harlem and the crime percentage had expanded because of low wages and joblessness both. The separation was awful to the point that blacks were getting such high rental rates because of the proprietors being bigot. Likewise, the nature of houses manufactured were hazardous, and helpless that many thought that it was elusive a spot to live. Blacks anticipated when others would move out of their own homes with the goal that way they would have a more pleasant spot to live on the off chance that they got to it in time. The huge populace of Harlem at the time had been a result of vagrants requiring a superior spot to live and issues from where they came looking for circumstance here. The issue that most blacks confronted was coming into the zone without training. Lamentably blacks were separated such a great amount in the work environment that they had such low quality positions and couldn’t even be conceded boss position. Near 70 percent of every single individual of color during the 1920s were utilized with occupations, for example, local and individual administrations. At the point when the financial exchange slammed it had influenced blacks more than whites. It likewise biggerly affected untalented laborers because of them being increasingly focused on in their positions. Lack of healthy sustenance had influenced such a large number of right now because of joblessness and low wages. As of now kid work rose to help bolster their families, as did burglary prompting youthful adolescents. Many individuals had begun to apply for help without precedent for their lives. Having a requirement for it was a significant thing, so individuals were wanting to get a plummet measure of help. With everything going on, various associations came out and helped battling families. For example, the Salvation Army giving asylum, food, and dress. Additionally there was houses of worship that were assisting the network in the manner they could. At the year 1933 around 25 percent of the work environment was jobless. At that point in 1940 the numbers changed to 15 percent of the work environment not finding any work. It was demonstrated at the time among dark families that the dad and child were both working. Their wages and hours worked were additionally so low that costs were higher than the sum they had earned. England had developed as to a greater extent a force to be reckoned with in the late nineteenth century with how well things went with the military and financial exchange and pilgrim focuses all helped this. You read The Economy Essay in class Paper models (Bryan, 2010) Other nations at the time had been looking for Britain’s ways and needed to be increasingly similar to them as they were viewed as a good example. From the mid 1870s to the 1890s the greater part of the world have been experiencing bringing down costs, and they considered it a Great Depression. This caused a ton of discontent, and riches to be moved from the account holder to the loan boss. Numerous in America had grumbled about the legislature not letting them have the free mining of silver and it prompting why the cash was in a bad way on account of not having the option to exchange gold. Right now duties were attached to imported products, this made household merchandise less expensive than imported merchandise making makers purchase local rather than outside. In Britain, protectionist thoughts and development had up flooded when there was rivalry in the commercial center from Americans and Germans. The administrations in France, Russia, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary had put together their financial frameworks with respect to advancing and securing industry. Numerous nations had attempted what they could to receive the best quality level, to ensure their creating nations by blocking imports, advancing fares, and de-esteeming their monetary forms. Military spending had to some degree added to overall swelling. Additionally, the measure of gold creation had expanded all around the globe when individuals saw a requirement for it. Just with military force could nations like Japan be viewed as full humanized since they were uninformed of about all techniques for creation. Gold as well as iron at the time were models that molded state money decisions, and affected choices to the extent settlements and duties went. Not exclusively was the highest quality level an essential use for universal cash, yet exchange and valuable metals were too. Gold had a bit of leeway with it’s traded rates being fixed. The legislature had built up incorporated banks that were under the extension of the highest quality level, so they couldn’t be state controlled. Preceding the nineteenth century the utilization of a silver over gold was to a greater extent an overall cash. At the point when more nations had perceived how powerful gold was they had received similar norms and it’s not until the 1890s that it got regular around the world with individuals embracing the highest quality level. London was considered the world’s monetary focus, yet they additionally had way higher loan fees then France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The loan rent act was passed on March 11, 1941. (U. S. Congress, 2013) This demonstration would permit the U. S. to loan or rent war supplies to any country that was in desperate need of help, and that was critical to the barrier of the United States. When Winston Churchill had 11 naval force warships pulverized in 1940, he searched for help through President Roosevelt. Roosevelt was brilliant and reacted by the trading of 50 of our destroyers for multi year leases on British bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. At that point, Roosevelt had vowed to keep America out of war. In 1941, Roosevelt had marked a military guide bill for Britain to help bolster them and what they were doing abroad. It was viewed as purchasing and not loaning, since they were turning into an essential guide to us at that point. It was a chance to get ready for war, numerous didn’t know it yet however Roosevelt was purchasing security for the interim practically. The United States as of now was not even close to being prepared for war. To the extent preparing, and being ill-equipped and unarmed. It was the ideal opportunity for the United States to prepare for something major to occur. This was the beginning of us having partners, and shaping a greater amount of a coalition with different nations abroad. With the finish of the Second World War 1945, numerous Americans had dreaded for the economy to dive into another Great Depression. (Rosenberg, 2003) Which went out to not be valid, there wound up being an interest for customer products, and venture go

Gender inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex imbalance - Essay Example The clique of family life is a conventional expression for ladies to remain at home, clean the house, cook the food, and bring up the youngsters. In this model, the men are the providers. Since ladies depend on men for budgetary help, it is practically unconventional for ladies to work outside the house. The possibility of sexual orientation divergence in school, government and in general movement of ladies is plainly upset in these societies. These equivalent issues have become the central focuses that figured into gendered imbalance for Malian Minianka ladies. These variables comprised of culture standards, sexuality, marriage and connection. Unquestionably, one of the difficulties for Malian Minianka ladies was to break the way of life standards that commanded the impression of ladies. Culture fundamentally characterizes the dynamic segments of family and social qualities. The possibility of sex talk was so common all through America that it started a weep for reconstruction. The belief system of the Republican Motherhood, was one of the first gatherings, that tested the absence of advancement of female common instruction since it drastically filters from the customary mentality (Week 6, Lecture 2). The second perspective that tested ladies were kid raising and birth. Moms, in their part of sustaining are liable for giving the general tour of conduct to their kids in this culture. Malian Minianka sheds some key features on how political home life has affected the genuine idea of the developing job of ladies (Week 7, Lecture 3). Despite the fact that ladies were incited at home, they made a solid situation that saddled and developed development. I think one about the perspectives that individuals neglect to recognize is the way that moms have compelling feelings. The common association among moms and kids is dazzling. One can just envision the hardships that each mother experiences during pregnancy and birth (Week 6, Lecture2). From this unique situation, Spocks book speaks to a development in healthy guidance for care of

Disaster preparedness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Calamity readiness - Essay Example FEMA has detailed that a great many people are either caught in structures or homes without an exit plan in light of the fact that the quake has made the entryways and windows either stick or be blocked and in this way can't be opened from within. Crisis Services can't get to the hazardous situations because of the extreme street conditions that include open hole streets and avalanches. The general population is in a condition of close to frenzy and madness on the grounds that the typical roads of correspondence, for example, the web, cell phones, and landlines have been taken out by the fiasco making neighborhood cancels be cut. 2. Recognize the nitty gritty occasions for your situation. In case of a tremor debacle, any semblance of which Japan has quite recently observed, FEMA would include the state and neighborhood authorities of the influenced zones, just as the accompanying offices in their salvage endeavors: a. Crisis Services b. Local group of fire-fighters c. Open Works d. R ed Cross e. State funded Schools Immediately after the shake, the USGS will discharge data with respect to the power of the tremor to FEMA. This will fill in as the reason for their activity plan and need activities to be attempted. As FEMA anticipates this news, the organization is as of now planning with neighborhood and national crisis administrations units and preparing them for dispatch to influenced zones.

Use a 529 to Avoid the 2013 Tax Increases

Hereï ¿ ½s an APB to anyone with household income of more than $250,000: Your taxes are going up. If the Democrat-controlled Senate has its way, a proposed one-year extension of the Bush tax cuts will apply only to those taxpayers with modified AGI of $200,000 or less ($250,000 or less for joint filers). A bill to that effect was passed by the Senate just yesterday. For those above the income threshold, the top tax bracket on ordinary income will jump from 35% to 39.6%; dividends will be subject to rates as high as 39.6% (up from 15% currently); and the top rate on capital gains will increase from 15% to 20%. The Republican-controlled House is seeking to apply the one-year extension to taxpayers at every income level. They will vote on and pass that bill next week. Regardless of which side ultimately prevails, the new Medicare tax still kicks in next year. This is the additional 3.8% tax on investment income that single taxpayers with modified AGI over $200,000 and joint filers with modified AGI over $250,000 will owe. Interest, dividends, capital gains, and other unearned income can all get hit with this surcharge. So the message to your higher-income clients trying to save up for future college expenses is this: Use a 529 plan and avoid the increased taxes. If you have your college savings in a taxable mutual fund throwing off a dollar of qualified dividends each year, your federal tax on that dollar may be jumping from 15 cents in 2012 to as much as 43.3 cents in 2013. Perhaps you could even do some of the math for your clients. How many of their kidsï ¿ ½ academic credits, textbooks, or campus meals will ultimately be surrendered to Uncle Sam in the form of income taxes? With a 529 plan the answer is easy: None. Update as of January 2, 2013: See Changes made by the American Tax Payer Relief Act Hereï ¿ ½s an APB to anyone with household income of more than $250,000: Your taxes are going up. If the Democrat-controlled Senate has its way, a proposed one-year extension of the Bush tax cuts will apply only to those taxpayers with modified AGI of $200,000 or less ($250,000 or less for joint filers). A bill to that effect was passed by the Senate just yesterday. For those above the income threshold, the top tax bracket on ordinary income will jump from 35% to 39.6%; dividends will be subject to rates as high as 39.6% (up from 15% currently); and the top rate on capital gains will increase from 15% to 20%. The Republican-controlled House is seeking to apply the one-year extension to taxpayers at every income level. They will vote on and pass that bill next week. Regardless of which side ultimately prevails, the new Medicare tax still kicks in next year. This is the additional 3.8% tax on investment income that single taxpayers with modified AGI over $200,000 and joint filers with modified AGI over $250,000 will owe. Interest, dividends, capital gains, and other unearned income can all get hit with this surcharge. So the message to your higher-income clients trying to save up for future college expenses is this: Use a 529 plan and avoid the increased taxes. If you have your college savings in a taxable mutual fund throwing off a dollar of qualified dividends each year, your federal tax on that dollar may be jumping from 15 cents in 2012 to as much as 43.3 cents in 2013. Perhaps you could even do some of the math for your clients. How many of their kidsï ¿ ½ academic credits, textbooks, or campus meals will ultimately be surrendered to Uncle Sam in the form of income taxes? With a 529 plan the answer is easy: None. Update as of January 2, 2013: See Changes made by the American Tax Payer Relief Act

Analyzing The Middle Market Debt - 2162 Words

Leveraged credit suffered from heightened volatility over the third quarter as mutual fund investors withdrew from the sector amid concerns about frothy valuations and talk of a credit bubble. We believe the high-yield bond market correction this quarter is healthy and overdue, but investors can expect choppier waters ahead. One segment we believe may help limit near-term volatility risk while capturing strong returns is middlemarket debt. One way that we identify middle-market debt is based on deal size of up to $750 million, and we specifically find value in those between $300 million and $750 million, which we classify as â€Å"upper middle-market.† As a whole, middle-market debt historically had many attractive features relative to larger†¦show more content†¦As if reacting to the tolling bells, high-yield markets sold off in July, leading to volatility that would spread across risk assets throughout the quarter. High-yield corporate bonds posted a loss of 1.3 per cent in July, the first monthly loss in 10 months, with spreads widening by 13 percent. Equities followed, with the SP 500 dropping 4 percent between July 24 and Aug. 7, climbing to record levels in August, and falling again in September. As the quarter ended, the risk-off sentiment that overtook markets was clear as defensive sectors, mainly consumer staples and healthcare, outperformed more cyclical sectors such as consumer discretionary and energy. Our outlook for the U.S. economy remains positive. Despite weakness in September, strong U.S. economic data justified the rebound to the SP 500’s highs in August. Second-quarter gross domestic product was revised upward to 4.2 percent, led by business investment. Durable goods orders surged over the summer to set the largest one-month gain on record while consumer confidence continued to hit multi-year highs. With tailwinds for economic growth gathering, we could see a strong third-quarter GDP reading of approximately 3.2 percent. While the U.S. economy is set to move full steam ahead, international economic data remain weak. Euro zone economic confidence is falling as the entire region continues to battle below-target inflation. At the start of September, the European Central Bank cut interest

Reading Assignments - The God Species Bio-Diversity Ch 3 - Global Article

Essays on The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Era of Humans by Mark Lynas Article The paper "The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Era of Humans by Mark Lynas" is a delightful example of an article on environmental studies.  Essentially, the term bio biodiversity is referred to as the description of numerous varieties and variability of living organisms. The broad application of this term embraces diverse parameters, which enhances fundamentally the representation of Life on Earth. It is imperative to note that biodiversity largely revolves around genes, species, and ecosystems in relation to levels of biological organization (Lynas, 19). Because sudden worldwide environmental alteration can no longer be debarred, (Lynas, 22) asserts that a new approach to global sustainability on planetary boundaries within which humanity is expected to operate in a safe manner should be defined and explored. It is significant, to note that (Lynas, 28) provides an opinion on the planetary boundary. Planetary boundary refers to the maximum threshold, within which humanity op erations should operate, otherwise stretching beyond these limits, non-linear and abrupt environmental changes within global to continental-scale systems. Humankind has remained insensitive to the global changes of the biodiversity planetary boundary. (Lynas, 24) describes this insensitivity as abnormal and quotes â€Å"the death of an individual is a tragedy. The death of a million people is a statistic† (Lynas, 26).It is significant to note that, extinction of mass, loss of species, damage of ecosystem, the collapse of the food web and chains ultimately undermines the planetary life-support system on which diverse species thrive and depend. This study establishes that recent statistics on biodiversity life support, indicate a 10% loss of the planetary boundary and 100 to 1000 species per million are wiped out yearly. Lynas argues that to change the present planetary boundary status, a substantial increase in global awareness and funding should be embraced (Lynas, 36). Moreo ver, the creation of numerous natures reserves both on sea and land remains fundamental in rejuvenating the dream of operating within the planetary boundary threshold. (Lynas, 44) argues that, the concept of planetary boundaries is fundamental in shifting the present approach to governance and administration on the implementation of global policies aimed at plummeting massive human-induced ecological alteration on a global scale.On the other hand, Lynas argues that a quite new approach towards most Green to climate change is essential. (Lynas, 45) expresses out rightly that, global warming is not about overconsumption, morality, capitalism or ideology. It is largely the result of the generation of energy by humankind by burning hydrocarbons and coal. (Lynas, 48) advocates for decoupling for any serious organization or individual ready to reduce global warming. This mind sharply differs from that of most environmentalists who believe in the ideological reduction of carbon emissions. This study observes reveals that the debate around climate change has become highly polarized with the political class, not accepting that, there exist natural limits to human activity. Despite little knowledge of the political class on environmental and global climate change, they have enhanced equality of socialism with climate agenda. This remains an intense challenge to overcome. Similarly, (Lynas, 2011) advocates that global warming is not part of the contributory factors that allow the cause of unambiguously linked effects. The complexity of this opinion occurs when determining the exact amount of the energy mix that will best meet the target of reduced CO2 emissions.The fundamental significance of climate change involves the enhancement of genetically based agriculture, which has contributed to food global food stability. In addition, genetic engineering has seen tremendous development creation of new uses in technology. On the other hand, climate change has adversely affecte d human life on planet earth. For instance, increased global temperatures have rendered numerous places across the world inhabitable. Moreover, adverse changes in the ecosystems have remained inevitable consequently high levels of famine across the world.In conclusion, biodiversity is one of the nine identified planetary boundary is equally significant in the determination of humankind’s stretch of living. It is imperative to note that, the concept of planetary boundaries is fundamental in shifting the present approach to governance and administration on the implementation of global policies aimed at plummeting massive human-induced ecological alteration on a global scale.

Resistance to Change in an Organisation- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResistance to Change in an Organisation for Implication. Answer: Introduction The global business is changing fast because of the fast changing technology and the process of globalisation. Under this constant changing environment the business also needs to change their business and other process. The organisations face problem at the time of change process in the organisation. Here the problem is not the change process but the resistance to change (Erwin Garman, 2010). The resistance to change appears in the organisation because of the employees or the group of employees in the organisation. They perceive the change process as a threat to their current position. In this current assay different factor of the change resistance, employee position, managers perception and strategy, ethical dynamic and implication of all of these would be appropriately evaluated for the development of appropriate conclusion. In the essay the change management process of Mobil Oil Australia Limited would be used as an example. The change process is done to improve profit focus, mai n business focus and customer focus (researchgate, 2001). The organisation populated the position in the organisation from the above positions to dowered positions in the change proces. Employee and resistance to change The change management process has different reasons and dimension from the employee perspective and those needs to be understood properly for developing effective plan for change management process. One of the significant reasons is the needs of the employee. Individual needs are some of the important motivational factor for any action. The employee perceives the current situation safe as it satisfies their needs effectively and any change to that can be cause of discomfort (Fernandez Rainey, 2006). The current position of the employee in the organisation is built by him or her over a long period of time with significant effort. This current position provides certain power to the employee in the organisation. In the change process that position comes under uncertainty and develops resistance. Along with the organisational goal every employee has some individual goals. Missing out on their personal goal would make the employee disappointed and hence less participative in the process. Another important fact is the uncertainty in the process (Furst Cable, 2008). The uncertainty influences the risk-averse behaviour. Along with the uncertainty the lack of understanding of the personal return in the process combines the resistance and it grows strong (Erwin Garman, 2010). The process began to look painful to the employee of the organisation. Sometime the previous mistrustful situation influences these fears further in the mind of the employee. The change process needs certain skill set from the employee to become successful. The lack of competency from the employee side creates the fear of failure and that combines with the fear of uncertainty (Fi Vakola et al., 2007). Under such uncertain situation the clear communication about the change process from the company side helps. When the organisation does not maintain a steady communication to address the entire question in the mind of the employee, it compounds the problem. The decision making process in the change management process may have the participation of the employee actively but when the change process is forced on the employee, they feel the lack of consultation and the resistance grows further (Fernandez Rainey, 2006). When the employees are consulted in the decision making, the employee develops stakes in the decisions and they better follow them. In case of Mobil Oil Australia Limited reengineering of the organisational structure means that all of the people would be reemployed in the organisation as per the positional demand. At the end of the process many people got redundant. Now that is enough to create a situation of panic among the employee and create resistance. Managers perspective in the resistance to change The resistance in the change process is almost inevitable. In that context the managers perception to the change and its resistance becomes important to management the process. In that context certain set of belief from the managers side becomes creates additional problem for the situation. There is a belief system in the managers that the change process which goes through less resistance is beneficial (Pieterse et al., 2012). The consideration goes one step further and form inimical relation with the resistance process in the change management process. So they try hard to win this enemy with some strong action. But different literature in this field do not support this view, rather they found out that the resistance to the change process some utility of its own. So a negative approach, suppression or diversion of this problem is not an effective approach. There are many reason of demonising this change process by the managers. One of the significant reasons is the lack of control and power in the situation. The change management process is also an uncertain situation for the managers also. They plan properly to manage that risk of uncertainty but the resistance to the change process creates problem in their plan (Bareil, 2013). They feel lack of power and authority under such position. This is also a problem of perspective. The uncertainty and risk factor is so overwhelming that the managers are not able to see the change process from the perspective of the employees. So it remains as battle like situation for them. There is always a scarcity of resource in the organisation. Under the changing situation there must be more such scarcity and adverse situation which influenced the process for change (Fi Vakola et al., 2007). In the change process the managers have much more responsibility and higher risk factor as they are at the upper s cale in the organisation. Under such situation when the employee resist the change process it becomes too much stressful for the managers to manage the situation. The lack of skill could also be true for the managers in the change process (Pieterse et al., 2012). So in that situation a minimum resistance from the employee side would create greater difficulty for the managers to manage the change process and stay in the plan. The resistance is also demonised as the failure of the process could cost the job of the manager. In Mobil Oil Australia Limited lot of managerial position also got redundant. The vacancy was filed up from the level 2 and 3 to the downward levels of 5 (researchgate, 2001). So there is a basis insecure position of managers. Change management resistances relation to the organisational power structure The decision to change comes from the top management of the organisation. Under the influence of the adverse business results the shift in strategy occurs in the organisation (Bareil, 2013). In this situation the managers or the agents of change feel the necessity and urgency of the change. Under such situation the strategy is decided by the top managers and the instructions flows from the top to down state. The hierarchical system in the organisation is the source of power. To make the process successful and achieve the goals of the organisation a strict planning is done for the process. The implementation of the plan is also done through strong control process (Oreg, 2006). Organisational change process with this power structure provides little scope of active participation from the employee side and creates strong resistance. The power also influenced by the level of expertise. The top management or leadership of the company depends on the expert advice for the change process. Here the knowledge and expertise of these technical people in the change process provides some power to them (Furst Cable, 2008). Enforcement of this creates some problem in the change management process as there is lack of consideration of political cultural dynamics in the organisation (Fiss Zajac, 2006). Individual power comes because of many factors in the organisation. Some of the factors are expertise, role or position based legitimate power, personal characteristic and trait based power, association with the influential people. A better approach from the change agents side would be to realign them with the individual power structure in the organisation to make the change process smooth. The change agents like the important managers use different sources of power for example the information control, expertise level, politica l, support of an influential group for the change process (Furst Cable, 2008). All of these power sources would create the problem of improper communication, low trust factor, confusion, and fear in the mind of general employees and that would create the resistance for the process of change. Except the top management the total employee class in Mobil Oil Australia Limited would have some insecurity in the process and here power and politics would get prominent place in the change process. Ethical issues concerned with the organisational power and change resistance The use of power for the change process of organisation is narrowly focused. Often here the individualistic approach is also followed. In combination the whole thing becomes unethical for the larger participant in the change process. The leader of the organisation has the responsibility to include all the participant of the change process (Oreg, 2006). Everyone has the stake in the process. The change process would impact everyone in the organisation. Some time the use of power would violet the right of the individual in the organisation (Furst Cable, 2008). Like at the time of change process some people may loos their job without providing adequate chance to them to readjust to the situation. The use of dirty politics for influencing power in the change process would also be an unethical approach. All of these situations would increase the resistance in the process. Not recognising the resistance would also be considered lack of ethics. Under this situation the model of Kurt Lewin would be best to facilitate the change process in an ethical manner. Kurt Lewin propagated the process of learning for the change process. His view was that the knowledge and skill would help the participant to accept the change with less conflict in the situation. Better knowledge would influence them to join the change process under their own volition. Kurt Lewin did considerable research and came up with a plan for the change process (Kaminski, 2011). The plan comprises of four different elements. The elements are the group dynamics approach, field theory, the action research approach and the change process through the three step model. Along with all these elements additional three principle were identified by him for the ethical and smooth change process. First principle is to facilitate the non manipulative decision making by the entire participant. Second principle is the use of the group dynamics or the field theory to develop the neutral type of facilitator to motivate them for the change process (Kaminski, 2011). In the third principle the self evaluation is asked through the three step model and the action research for the change process. Implication of resistance and managerial effort on the program of change management The managerial position and the change resistance are in opposite side. In most of the cases the managerial unfavourable view of the resistance influence them to take up some power based unethical approach. These approaches would influence the resistance further in the organisation (Palmer et al., 2009). On the other hand if the resistance are not viewed in negative way then those can be used for the betterment of the process. First of all the change process is always seen as a good approach to betterment of the organisation. But this view could have some faulty assumption and the resistance can help the organisation to revaluate the change process. The external forces of the business force them to change in the market. The resistance from the business internal stakeholders stabilises the force internally and the business can improve and consolidate the process of change (Thomas Hardy, 2011). Without any resistance the change process becomes normal and no creative or innovative proc ess can get included in the process. Ignoring or suppressing the resistance process by the managers would result in an inefficient change process in the organisation. In Mobil Oil Australia Limited the staffing process was done gradually and it took around 3 month time (researchgate, 2001).The redundancies were properly addressed in the process. Some time the people were offered lower position because of the competency level but given the same pay scale. A proper care helped the business go through the process effectively. At the end the process improved profitability and the ROCE improved from 2% to 7%. Conclusion The evaluation of the resistance process has given several insights to the problem. The perception of the manager and the employee are different in the change process but both of them are influenced by the same type of fear and uncertainty. The employees use the process of resistance from their position and the managers uses the power structure to influence the change process in the organisation (Palmer et al., 2009). Amidst of all of these the ethical consideration is important for the process of change. An unethical approach would create lot more conflict in the process. Here the Kurt Lewins model of change process would help to eliminate resistance from the process. Facilitating the learning process in the change management would help the participant to accept the change process and the organisation would be able to complete the process ethically. From this discussion it is clear that the managers demonise the resistance because of the person insecurity, influence of power. The us e of power structure to force the change process would create some unethical consequence for the other stakeholders and hence the resistance would grow further (Thomas Hardy, 2011). On the other hand if the resistance is used a positive factor for change then it would further help the organisation to back check the process, make it more efficient and stabilise the external temptation of the process. Reference Bareil, C. (2013). Two Paradigms about Resistance to Change.Organization Development Journal,31(3). Erwin, D. G., Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice.Leadership Organization Development Journal,31(1), 39-56. Fernandez, S., Rainey, H. G. (2006). Managing successful organizational change in the public sector.Public administration review,66(2), 168-176. Fiss, P. C., an d Zajac, E. J. (2006). The symbolic management of strategic change: Sensegiving via framing and decoupling.Academy of Management Journal,49(6), 1173-1193. Furst, S. A., Cable, D. M. (2008). Employee resistance to organizational change: managerial influence tactics and leader-member exchange.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(2), 453. Furst, S. A., an d Cable, D. M. (2008). Employee resistance to organizational change: managerial influence tactics and leader-member exchange.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(2), 453. Kaminski, J. (2011). Theory applied to informatics-Lewins change theory.Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics,6(1), 1-4. Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change.European journal of work and organizational psychology,15(1), 73-101. Palmer, I., Dunford, R., Akin, G. (2009).Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Pieterse, J. H., Canils, M. C., Homan, T. (2012). Professional discourses and resistance to change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,25(6), 798-818. researchgate. (2001).Change Management at Mobil Oil Australia.. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221177155_Change_Management_at_Mobil_Oil_Australia [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Thomas, R., Hardy, C. (2011). Reframing resistance to organizational change.Scandinavian Journal of Management,27(3), 322-331. Vakola, M., Eric Soderquist, K., and Prastacos, G. P. (2007). Competency management in support of organisational change.International Journal of Manpower,28(3/4), 260

Market Screening Essay Example

Market Screening Essay For example a low level employee has a question, and asks a high level employee (Higher on scale then low level) the high level employee may have an answer that Is Incorrect; the low level employee will take that answer as the correct one Just because of the class difference. That low level employees mindset Is, If he Is higher In the company then me, he must know more than me. 3. Masculinity Femininely- How male orientated or female orientated a country is. Example 1- Canada is 52 on the scale, meaning we treat men and women fairly equal. Example 2- Sweden is 5 on the scale, meaning they treat women favorably, it is a country run by a woman, so this could affect how business is run. This dimension has a huge effect on how businesses are run because of how people treat co workers. 4. Uncertainty avoidance- This explains how many risks a country is willing to take. If they have a high uncertainty index, they are run by the book, no room to breathe no mistakes, everything is in order all the time. The opposite goes for Low index, the country is willing to take many risks in order to improve. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Screening specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Market Screening specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Market Screening specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both of these go for how a country/business can be UN, if it is high the business will not be open to change, and if it is low the business welcomes change with open arms. 5. Long + short term orientation- This is how open a culture/business focuses on rep or status in my opinion. If a country like China has a business with the idealism of a Long term orientation they keep their employees, people stay in 1 business for a life time. In fact that business is there life that same place may own everything in an area, the company owns the schools, the cars, the hospitals, and it becomes a community. The opposite goes for countries like Culturally both countries are different from each other, and will affect management. Canada is a very Multilingualism collect so Adam will nave many smallness when trying to manage in a very group orientated fashion. Canada having a low PDP indicates that there isnt as much of a class system as Brazil being at 69, so because of this class system Adam is going to have to treat his workers differently to get the message across, maybe not as many questions being asked to workers, but Just being demanding and straight forward. In Canada there should/is a mutual respect teens managers and workers, in Brazil being higher on the PDP scale, the workers and managers respect each other; but the workers feel a bit less free around the manager, and a bit more oaf underdog. Adam comes from a very neutral masculine and feminine country, and Brazil is almost the same, so the management change from Canada to Brazil will be very neutral and wont give him many problems. Areas that have a neutral masculine and feminine country wouldnt have as many problems as a masculine dominant society or feminine dominant. When Adam first goes to Brazil to begin management, he will have problems with uncertainty because Canada is very open to change, and is happy with what they have, Canada is right in the middle for the most part. But when Adam first goes to Brazil the workers there might have a problem with him already Just from the initial change that he might implement. Brazil has a high ALAI so as Adam Joins in the workers will have to change work habits right off the bat to suit Adam to some degree. Brazil has a very long term orientation type of society. When people start a Job; the expectation is that they will pep the Job for a long time, and will have a lot of Job security. If someone is out of line and not doing what they are expected of, Adams cant Just give someone 2 weeks notice that they must leave, the idea is to keep people for a long time, and train them so they are efficient in their Job. Canada is literally the opposite, people in Canada move Jobs constantly so Adam is going to change himself to get used to this new type of culture. 3. The selection regarding hiring Adams doesnt change much because of the knowledge of international business that he has himself. Adams still has knowledge f Portuguese language, but is not anything fantastic, but he does have knowledge of English which is a primary language in business, and Spanish. So because of this Im sure that Adams will be fine in Brazil understanding main business languages. Language skills are a huge importance in the business world, and Adams has the main business languages (English, Spanish), and understanding of Portuguese, so his knowledge of the languages will be very beneficial to his management skills. The use of a translator should not be required, Adam has said that he can speak English, Spanish and understands Portuguese, so because of this understanding of languages, Adams should be able to figure things out for himself. It is understandable if there are small needs of assessment within the language barriers, but Adams knowledge of all the languages should be beneficial to putting the pieces of languages together. Spanish and Portuguese are very similar languages, so Adams should be fine. Problems that may occur with Adams language barrier is the fluency with Portuguese. He should be able to figure things out for himself, but I anticipate that there might eventually need a translator. Also with Adams managing there, he will learn over time to speak Portuguese fluently over time. 4. Brazil is one of the Burl countries. Inure are 4 Burl countries: Brazil, Ursula, IANAL, Ana Canaan. Nine Burl countries are four major countries that are major business countries with a lot of profit to be made in each of them. Brazil is one of these Brick countries, and in the last few years Brazil has had a new government which changed the trade barriers within it so more business can be dealt with. Bombardier made these decisions based on the market screening process, Brazil: Basic Needs, Demand, Legal forces, Geographical screen, competitive, and final selection. Brazil needed to answer all of these screening processes better than average. Basic needs of Brazil- Brazil is in need of industrial corporations and is growing all the time, the CIA fact book shows the amount of Labor force by occupation: Agriculture: 20% Industries: 14% services: Brazil is growing constantly and the more companies like Bombardier making Brazil a host country is making more profit themselves, and also pushing Brazil closer to a fully developed country with more services instead of Agricultural Jobs. More Jobs is utter for Brazil and the labor cost is lower than in the US, so Bombardier makes more profits. Economic/Financial- Compared to other countries, Brazil has a low inflation rate of 4. 2%, This is very low even for a Brick country, Russia for instance has 1 1. % inflation rate, so Brazil is great to go into in that regard. The exchange rates arent bad as well Exchange rates: Real (BRB) per US dollar 2. 0322 (2009), a bit high but can work with it. Legal + Political- Brazil is a Federal republic a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or rovings) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. This allows trade agreements and trade barriers to be lowered and allow more things to go through. The entry barriers are small; most things go through now that there is a new government. With the new government, people in smaller towns vote for their own government, and they have a choice. So the government is stable if the people are happy. Coloratura- Brazil is a very time oriented society for the most part regarding life in a business. People in Brazil focus on staying somewhere for a long time, so the culture would be similar to the business world. Cultures are based on time, older cultures stay with the community rather than new cultures being created and put into play. Brazil is a great culture to get into with a multi conglomerate like Bombardier, because it is a Brick country but the culture would accept something that may increase Jobs and value of the community/country. Competition- Competition within Brazil is not much for Bombardier, Brazil has services and industries but Bombardier does so many different things, Jet skies, boats, and makes a huge market hat is hard to compete with. Industries within Brazil are: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment. Given all of the other businesses in Brazil it gives an outline of what competition Bombardier will have, and given a quick look these businesses dont focus on the same things, so Brazil is open to a organization like this. Final Selection- Brazil passes all of the screening processes with flying colors, lots of labor cheaper than the US, not much competition, very cultural so the sooner Bombardier gets Into Brazil ten Taster people would Jolt Ana ten longer people would be there. Brazil is in need of more services and industries so having new factory building/selling bombardier products will give Jobs and increase Braziers rep having a huge organization there. Brazil has a new political system and a new government, making it cheaper and more effective moving in Brazil then other Brick countries. Brazil would be a fantastic new market for Bombardier to move into because of how well it passes the market screening, it is a great place to make an amazing profit and to expand into a host country.

Carol Anne Duffys Adultery Essays - Duffy, Adultery, Poetry

Carol Anne Duffy's Adultery Essays - Duffy, Adultery, Poetry Carol Anne Duffy's Adultery FORM AND STRUCTURE Carol Anne Duffys poem Adultery is structured in a traditional and straightforward way. It is comprised of eleven verses - each with the common four lines, which consist of between four and nine words. This makes the poem not particularly striking at the first look, before it is read. The typography does not attract the readers attention, this is probably because Duffy wants the reader to concentrate on the language, and is not concerned with the shape that the lines form, or how they relate to the themes of the poem. RHYME AND RHYTHM Duffy does not seem particularly interested in rhyme in this poem, and probably decided before writing it that she did not want any. Therefore rhyme has been avoided, as has a regular, repetitive rhythm. I think that Duffy wants to allow the language to speak for itself, without getting tangled up in rhyme and rhythm schemes, and having to change what she wants to say in order to make it fit these limitations. She also wants to avoid losing the impact of the poem. This has much to do with the language used, poetic devices, and very often, the lack of rhythm, seen clearly in the first verse when she writes: Guilt. A sick, green tint The caesura breaks up the line, splitting it into two. If she were writing within the barriers of a specific rhythm, she would probably be tempted, and perhaps compelled to, split this line exactly in half, in order to balance it and keep the structure. This would not have the same effect. The caesura is used as dramatic device, implying that the poem is intended to be read out loud. The break makes the reader pause, giving the first word a larger impact as it is isolated from the rest of the text. It also does the same for the following sentence, and as it is on the end of the verse, there is a natural pause here as well, giving this line impact and power. Seeing as it also highlights a key theme in the poem, guilt, it is also an important line as it tells the reader a little about what to expect, and also raises their interest and expectations, Guilt? Why? Who? LANGUAGE Duffy uses language very effectively in this poem. She wants to create a specific atmosphere and then build on it, creating characters, situations and emotions as she does so. She wants an atmosphere of sleaziness and seediness, but wants it to sound exciting, dangerous and seductive. She also examines the harm that the situations cause. The first verse (or stanza) is packed with intrigue, mystery, excitement and questions. Wear dark glasses in the rain, demands the first line, and the reader gets ideas of disguise. It goes on to mention unhurt and bruise - dark glasses to hide a black eye? Maybe not, another glance at the title, Adultery, suggests something else - sado-masochism? Then comes the guilt, as mentioned above, and reader knows she is talking about a sexual affair - but who? What? Where? We want to know more. The second verse builds on the sexual intrigue with mentions of hands can do many things, and money tucked in the palms suggests prostitution, as well as wash themselves maybe implying that they feel dirty? Duffy is building an atmosphere which is sexually charged and filled with riddles and ambiguous comments, daring the reader to assume a sexually link. The next verse features the line: You are naked under your clothes all day..., another sexual connotation, perhaps implying that the clothes are a disguise, and all day the character does something which is not really them, and underneath they are different, naked suggests vulnerability. There is also ...brings you alone to your knees... and ...more, more..., which could suggest oral sex, while the repetition shows that Duffy considers this the most important word of the line, demanding it stands out, and it could suggest an unsatisfied sexual appetite, or description of the frequency of the couples meetings. Dishonesty is mentioned with deceit and Suck a lie with a hole in it. This could be a more explicit reference to oral sex, or more obscurely, Polo mints, the mint you suck with a hole in it. Duffy could be saying that the lies are sweet, addictive and refreshing compared with a mundane life, like Polo mints; she could mean that the lies come as easily as sweets from a packet, although probably not.

Am I an etrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Am I an etrepreneur - Essay Example Entrepreneurs will gather resources and take the risk of investing these resources into a venture that they are not certain will bring profits, and this is what will cut them out from just normal business people. Creativity and innovation are paramount for entrepreneurs as creativity enables them to develop, and discover new ways of bringing solutions while innovation gives them the ability to apply creative solutions to problems and openings in their effort to enhance peoples’ lives and make profits. Entrepreneurship will entail the actions taken by entrepreneurs to bring about change and to attain financial benefits and the satisfaction that something was changed for the better. Entrepreneurship will also entail the act of creating something after seeing an opportunity, shaping a goal to be achieved and taking advantage of the situation in order to make profits (Gilbert, 2006). The entrepreneur or the person with the idea will then plan, persuade and raise the capital needed to initiate the business from where he will run the business to ensure success. For entrepreneurs to be deemed as successful various characteristics are required, which will play a crucial role in determining their entrepreneurial success. Personally, as an entrepreneur, I have realized that I have the required skills and knowledge needed to become successful in the banking sector. I have engaged in various activities that have proved to me that I can be rich and successful as it has been my long term goal to be rich and retain control of my ventures (Gilbert, 2006). At a tender age, I engaged in various money raising ventures that have enabled me to cater for my personal needs and also save a lot. In fifth grade, I made profits from noticing that students were carrying snacks to school, and there was only one canteen in school that was unable to attend to the needs of the whole school. Being a member of the business club in school, I developed the idea that we could start our own canteen, where we could employ one person to run the business. Other students supp orted the idea, and we proposed the idea to the school administration, which was reluctant to accept it, but finally did after we convinced them that it would not interfere with our studies. We collected start up from membership fees that were charged for admission into the business club from where we started the venture. Profits from the canteen were used to expand the venture and by the time I was clearing school the canteen had grown and all members had benefited from it, and the whole school had also benefited from readily available snack. I have ever since acquired the skills of seeing an idea and investing in it in order to gain and benefit those who what I serve. As an entrepreneur, I have acquired the skill and knowledge of examining needs, wants and problems to see how I can bring solutions or improve how they are solved in the existing ways (Hamm, 2002). I have the skill off narrowing all the possible opportunities into one specific opportunity which carries more weight or is more probable to bring profits. I am innovative and come up with creative ideas to solutions of needs of people, and

Legal Systems and Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Systems and Contract Law - Essay Example Vindication becomes critical mechanism to compensate victims for dereliction of duty and examine contract for awarding appropriate damages2. The established clauses for breach of contract in sale of goods are: Non-performance of contractual duties, in terms of delivery of goods at the designated place. In the contract, the importance of implied terms becomes critical constituents of contract per se. They are not explicitly agreed upon by the parties but are implied by knowledge and therefore, legally binding3. The implied term proposes that the agreement or contract enables the other party to benefit from the contract as intended4. In the case, the judge had ruled out that the general rule of the contract interpretation is not as important as the intention of the parties that is manifested within the contract. Indeed, parties’ duty to cooperate is fundamental obligation which entitles the other party to benefit from the contract. Thus, the seller must make efforts to comply with reasonable requests which is not written but implied explicitly orally and by expression. The contract was made between two parties which were based in two different countries. As such, the physical delivery of goods at the correct destination become important factor for the buyer for achieving desired business objectives that are intended to be served by the contract. Delivery details of the goods as proposed within the contract by Metalique are distinct in their date of delivery but not in the destination. The seller was aware of the plans of buyer and therefore, supply of the same should conform to the plans of buyer. As such, it can be correctly inferred that Metalique had prior knowledge of the manufacturing site of Amethyst at Aberdeen, where the goods were required to complete the production of sports cycles. Thus as per the contractual terms and destination of

Othello (How Is He Lead to His Demise) Essay Example for Free

Othello (How Is He Lead to His Demise) Essay Shakespearean writing are ones of which, with a few strokes of a pen, can achieve more than novelists can achieve in a full length novel. Shakespeare’s writing is complex and includes great measures of love, hatred, loyalty, deception and betrayal. These traits of his texts are all evident in Othello. In Act 1, Othello is perceived as a noble moor. With Shakespeare’s invention of the manipulating and cunning Iago, the multi-layered use of Othello’s mothers handkerchief, and Othello’s past military training being resurfaced due to Iago’s lies, all lead Othello to his demise. Deception and betrayal are two of Iago’s worst traits when he is outranked by Cassio. Iago’s capacity for cruelty appears limitless, and no motivation he gives for his actions seems enough to explain the incredible destruction he wreaks on the lives of the people he knows best. His bitterness in not succeeding on becoming lieutenant is not a sufficient enough reason to match his countless acts of evil machinations. Iago uses a subtle approach when provoking Othello to become untrustworthy of Desdemona. He is able to hurt Othello successfully because he understands him so much. He grows closer to Othello as the plot progresses. In Act 2, scene 1 Iago states, â€Å"The moor, howbeit that I endure him not, is of constant, loving, noble nature†. These 3 adjectives indicate his awareness of Othello’s character. As Iago therefore continues to explain that he knows the noble moor would be a deserving husband of his wife, but then uses this knowledge to his power to play with Othello’s thoughts, using his strong love for Desdemona as a portal to self-destruction for all of those he knows best. He makes this statement in soliloquy after Othello and the entire company land on Cyprus. He is able to acknowledge that Othello is a worthy noble man, however, Iago reveals how evil and manipulating he can be, by wanting to utterly destroy Othello’s life and reputation. He is subbed when Othello gives the lieutenant’s position to Cassio. In return he makes ridiculous excuses that Othello slept with his wife Emilia, as another reason for revenge. It is all because of Iago’s cunning and evil power that he ruins these lives for his own sadistic pleasure. The noble moor is led to become the enraged murder when manipulative Iago tells Othello that Desdemona has given his mother’s handkerchief to Cassio. Act 3 Scene 3 is the beginning of Othello’s â€Å"handkerchief plot†, a seemingly insignificant event that becomes the means in which Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia and even Iago himself are completely undone. The handkerchief symbolizes love and with the manipulation of Iago, great depths of anger and untrustworthiness. Othello tells Desdemona that an Egyptian witch gave it to his mother, and it serves as a love charm. â€Å"Make it a darling like your precious eye. To lose’t or to give’t away were such a prediction as nothing else could match† Othello tells Desdemona. Othello’s simile here is an alarming one as it is evident that if Desdemona was to be unfaithful, the superstitious purposes can be equated in value for a precious bodily organ. Shakespeare cleverly allows this item to move amongst characters in the novel before Othello demands evidence of his wife’s disloyalty to him. Iago has already planned out his scheme before confronting Othello. Tell me but this, have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief, spotted with strawberries in your wifes hand? Iago uses this rhetorical question as a persuasive technique to make his point more believable. He explains to Othello that earlier that day he seen Cassio wipe his mouth with the handkerchief. We know that Cassio has not seen the item, and it is in Iago’s pocket whilst he asks this question. Othello is so blinded by jealousy that he accepts Iago’s lie as the strongest possible evidence. Although he forgets Desdemona tried to bind his head with it at dinner. Through this imagery and plot device we see that the importance of the handkerchief assists the noble moor in becoming the enraged murderer in scene 5. Scene 5 sees the story unfold and the main characters undone. Othello enters the room as he hovers over Desdemona whilst he tries to prepare himself to kill her. â€Å"It is the cause; it is the cause, my soul, let me not name it to you, you chaste stars! It is the cause†. This use of repetition implies Othello’s constant thought process and how he knows in his mind she has done wrong. He feels as though he must put an end to her betrayal and disloyalty, if not for himself, but for future men she may do it to. His past military training makes the killing of his wife second nature, a routine manoeuvre that’s sees the horrible deed carried out far easier than the circumstances should have allowed. â€Å"Out, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face?† Desdemona is questioned by Othello, asking if she is calling for Cassio right to his face. â€Å"Down, strumpet!†. Othello proceeds to call Desdemona a whore on numerous occasions. This dramatic visualization enforces the idea that Othello has been greatly manipulated. Iago’s words have pushed him to the extent that he can no longer see Desdemona the way he once used too. His second nature of killing and military training is evident when he does not give Desdemona that chance to say a last prayer. He tells her, â€Å"It is too late†, as he smoothers her with the pillow they once both lay on together. This cruel and unfair treatment comes from what he knows best. If in danger, you must protect yourself. Although he was not in physical harm, his heart was in a much deeper pain. He used his unique skills as his defence mechanism to kill. Othello has been considered one of the most painful of Shakespeares tragedies. It explores the collapse of a proud, honourable man, the killing of a beautiful, dedicated woman, and the unreasoning hate of a â€Å"motiveless† villain. The text has evoked terror and pity in audiences throughout the centuries. Othello however holds a power that is perhaps more abrupt and strongly felt for operating on the personal, human plane.

Database Comparison of SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle

Introduction This paper will compare and contrast five different database management systems on six criteria. The database management systems (DBMS) that will be discussed are SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle. The criteria that will be compared are the systems’ functionality, the requirements that must be met to run the DBMS, the expansion capabilities – if it is able to expand to handle more data over time, the types of companies that typically use each one, the normal usage of the DBMS, and the costs associated with implementing the DBMS. System functionality Microsoft Access is a database engine and development environment in one package. It is typically workstation-based, and designed to be easy to use, even for users with no experience. However, it also provides advanced functionality for experienced users. MySQL is the largest open-source RDMBS, and it is server-based, as well as the rest of the DBMS that will be discussed. According to the mysql.com website, it offers high reliability and performance, easy use and deployment, freedom from platform lock-in by providing ready access to source code, and cross-platform support. SQL Server is an enterprise class RDBMS from Microsoft. It is part of the Back Office Suite of products. Although it is always server-based in production, it can be client-based in development. DB2 is also an enterprise-class DBMS, produced by IBM. It offers some object-oriented functionality, as well as cross-platform compatibility, and is server-based. Finally, Oracle offers much of the same functionality as DB2 , with cross-platform capability, and some object-oriented features. It, as well, is server-based. System Requirements There is a correlation between the complexity of the DBMS and the system requirements. For instance, Access can be installed on any Windows-based operating system from Windows 95 and above. SQL Server, in the widely used Standard and Enterprise editions, is also strictly Windows-based, but must be run on Windows NT or 2000 Servers. The personal and development editions of SQL Server may be run on Windows NT Workstation, and Windows 2000 and XP Professional, in addition to the server platforms. MySQL has a wide variety of platforms, including the Windows platforms, Sun Solaris, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and HP-UX, to list a few. DB2 will run on Windows NT 4 and higher, Sun Solaris, HP-UX and Linux.... ...n   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper was written to show the similarities and differences in five different databases. It compared Access, MySQL, SQL Server, DB2, and Oracle in six different areas. It found many similarities in functionality, but large diversity in pricing. References Chigrik, Alexander, Oracle 9i Database vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/oracle_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Access 2000 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_access.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs MySQL version 4.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_mysql.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Oracle 9i (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_oracle.htm MySQL Licensing Policy (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from the MySQL company website: http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/licensing/

Gambling among Adolescents in North America Essay

Lottery, card games, sports betting and money wagers. These are a few kinds of gambling that adults engage in; however, the youth of today are also found to be gambling more than adults (Derevensky & Gupta, 2002; Huang & Boyer, 2007). According to Derevensky & Gupta (2002), there is an alarmingly high percentage of children and adolescents engaged in gambling activities. In a long-term analysis between 1984 to 1999, it was found that the prevalence of youth gambling in North America increased from 45% to 66% and that the proportion of the youth who have serious gambling-related problems have increased as well from 10% to 15% in the same time period (Huang & Boyer, 2007). In the past 25 years in the United States and Canada, it has been found that the youth is significantly associated with gambling-related problems; the percentage of youth classified under the Sub-clinical or problem gambling (Level 2) and the pathological gambling (Level 3) were at 14. 6% and 4. 8% respectively in 2006, which is more than twice of the adults who only have a percentage of 2. 5% and 1. 5% each (ibid). Among the youth, it has also been found that more young men gamble more than women and they are also identified to be problem gamblers than young women and even among adults (Huang & Boyer, 2007). In North America today, approximately 80% of adolescents have participated in some form of gambling for money within in their lifetime (Felsher, Derevensky & Gupta, 2003; Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). This is an alarming rate. The number of youth who are engaged in adolescent gambling is higher today more than ever before and it is starting to become a serious public health issue that many nations, especially the United States and Canada, are trying to address (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). Considerable research by psychologist and sociologists are being conducted regarding this problem. This paper will identify the causes of adolescent gambling, its consequences and what psychologists and the government are doing to treat this issue. Causes of Adolescent Gambling The availability and accessibility of gambling increased progressively in the United States and Canada from 1984-1999, which was also the time that an increase in youth gambling also occurred (Derevensky & Gupta, 2002). This increase in youth gambling has been attributed to the support of the two governments in the lucrative gambling industry. Political economy theories of Sauer maintain that this is due to the need for revenue generation of the large governments (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). The youth have become exposed to numerous gambling establishments, directly and indirectly (Felsher et al, 2003). The widespread legalization of the different kinds of gambling in North America has greatly exposed the youth to the addictive game (ibid; Huang & Boyer, 2007). Gambling has already become a â€Å"well-established recreational form of entertainment† (Felsher et al, 2003) and there is already an estimated 15. 3million adolescents in North America who have engaged in gambling activities and 2. 2 million of these are problem or pathological gamblers (Huang & Boyer, 2007). Among 12-17 year old Americans, 4%–8% of them are already pathological gamblers and another 10%–15% of the youth are at risk of developing a serious problem (Felsher et al. , 2003; Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). Adolescents gamble because they are tempted by the â€Å"lure of excitement, entertainment, and potential financial gain associated with gambling† (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). Increased exposure to gambling will teach the kids to gamble, and the social learning theory of Albert Bandura points out the role of observation and imitation in the acquisition and maintenance of socially desirable and undesirable characteristics (Felsher et al. , 2003). The increased exposure they have in gambling influences them to do the same. Family and friends are the primary reference groups, but it is the parents who have a stronger influence since they occur earlier than the peer group (ibid). The parents are observed to be having fun and adolescents surveyed said they gamble because their parents play for enjoyment and excitement, and it is the parents who play their children and engage them in gambling (ibid). In the social learning theory, there are six mechanisms identified that is involved in the development of gambling and these are: 1) affective states such as anxiety or depression; 2) cognitive distortions about gambling; 3) behavioral reinforcement schedules; 4) social and institutional determinants such as opportunity to gamble; 5) sub-cultural conditions like prevailing attitude towards gambling and values of the adolescent’s social context and reference groups (as seen in the preceding paragraph); and 6) internal fantasy relationships with personifications like the parents or â€Å"lady luck† (Upfold, 2007). Lottery is the most favored form of gambling by adolescents because of its ease of accessibility and the minimal amount of money required to participate in the draw (Felsher et al. , 2003). Parents purchase the lottery tickets and they include their children in their gambling activity by asking for their advice, such as what number/s they should pick, let them carry the money, fill in the lottery stubs, scratching the numbers, etc. (ibid). This observation and direct participation of gambling from significant reference groups, such as the parents, influences the youth’s participation in gambling activities (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). The parental acceptance of gambling as a recreational activity further encourages the youth to partake in it (Felsher et al. , 2003). Adolescents who gamble say that they have learned it from their parents. 15% of children made first bet with their parents and another 20% with other family members (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). Parents gamble in close proximity to their children and they have a poor understanding of the negative consequences that this will have on their child (ibid). The Cognitive-Behavioral Model, which is part of the social-learning theory, may explain this cause. The model is based on the principles of learning from imitation, observation, schedules of enforcement and cognition or how the youth would interpret and draw conclusions about the events around him or her (Upfold, 2007). They are enforced to gamble since the adolescents report that their parents are aware of their gambling and that they do not object to it; 50% of parents are aware and are not worried, disregarding the age of the child (Felsher et al. , 2003). 58. 5% of children in the study of Felsher et al. (2003) also say that they wager money with their parents, hence they are taught to gamble; some parents even purchase lottery tickets for their child’s behalf and it has been found that the more severe gambling a child is doing, the more tickets there are purchased by parents. Also, adolescents who were found to be regularly gambling report that they gamble with their family members and 40% say they do it with their parents (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). â€Å"Problem gambling is governed by a complex set of interrelating factors, causes, and determinants: biological, familial, behavioral, social, and environmental† (ibid). Under environmental, ease of access of online-gambling sites on the Internet is a new problem since the youth can easily access it and can be enticed by the visual appeals of Internet gambling (ibid). Another important reference point and part of the environmental factor which indirectly teaches gambling to children and reinforces it is the school. There are schools who promote gambling through fundraising activities including lottery, raffle draws, bingo, casino nights, and by permitting card playing within schools (ibid). Another explanation for causes of gambling is the Psychodynamic Model, which proposes that personal problems â€Å"lie within the psyche and are an attempt at self-healing or a strategy of resolving unconscious psychic conflicts†¦beyond voluntary control,† (Upfold, 2007), hence the individual continues to engage in gambling. There are three main components in this model and they are: 1) Gambling is an unconscious substitute for aggressive outlets; 2) Gambling involves an unconscious desire to lose- a wish to be punished in reaction to guilt; and 3) Gambling is a medium for continued enactment of psychological conflict (ibid). Adolescents do not engage in gambling for money but for excitement and enjoyment; through video lottery terminals, sports betting, cards, lotteries, bingo and other forms of gambling, adolescents with a gambling problem exhibit a number of dissociative behaviors such as escape into another world where they have altered egos (Derevensky & Gupta, 2002). Their personality traits that are correlated with risk-taking behavior such as excitable, extroverted, anxious and lower self-discipline show that they have poor coping and adaptive skills, so when they cannot cope with many hardships in their life or the stress of being a teenager, they gamble to â€Å"escape from the realities of daily life† (ibid). Gambling has been a way for adolescents who experience negative life events and use emotional-coping strategies to escape their problems, even if they have claimed to have social support from their peers (ibid; Bergevin, Gupta & Derevensky, 2006). The Trait Theory of Gambling is also part of the psychodynamic model and it show that there are certain personalities that is related to the problem of gambling such as depression, anti-social personality disorder- particularly for pathological gamblers, and narcissism- as seen in the compulsive gamblers (Upfold, 2007). Other identified risk factors that may lead to adolescent gambling include male gender, alcohol and drug use, deviant peers, family history of gambling, and impulsive behavior (Pietrzak, Ladd & Petry, 2003). Consequences of Adolescent Gambling The consequences of adolescent gambling are somewhat similar to that of adult gamblers; they not only affect themselves but society as a whole. Adolescent gambling does not only affect the individual adolescent but their families, peers, communities and health services (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). The consequences the adolescent gamblers face are widespread and affects their psychological, behavioral, legal, academic, family and interpersonal domains- they become delinquent, have poor academic performance, impair their academic performance or even drop out from school, disrupt their relationship with family and friends, and display criminal behavior (ibid). They face negative health, psychological, social, personal and financial consequences that is why gambling is becoming a public health issue (ibid). It has been found that there is a strong correlation between adolescent gambling and the increased likelihood to drink alcohol, smoke tobacco and use drugs (Hardoon, Gupta & Derevensky, 2004). Huang & Boyer (2007) also says that adolescent gamblers are more likely to experience psychiatric problems, especially substance use disorders. The common factors that lead to this among adolescents are low self-esteem, depression, suicidal thoughts, victim of abuse, poor school performance, history of delinquency, poor impulse control, being male, early onset of gambling, parental history of gambling, and community/family acceptance of gambling (ibid). This will greatly affect the future of the youth since all that they indulge in is gambling. They become dissociated from the real world and spend much of their time gambling that they do not get to develop themselves as individuals anymore. They become more susceptible to suicide ideation and attempts, they replace their old friends with their gambling associates and they have a higher risk to develop an addiction or poly addictions (Gupta & Derevensky, 2002). In the study of Felsher et al. (2003), they found that 94% of young male gamblers and 93% of young female gamblers are not afraid to get caught. This shows their lack of concern on what may happen to them if they are caught and this may also show the acceptance of their parents. Since parents and most institutions fail to recognize gambling as a serious problem or certain activities to be gambling (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002), the adolescents are at a higher risk to further develop their gambling addiction. The course of gambling varies from one individual to another; however, the social learning theory shows that since gambling behavior is acquired it can be thought of as a continuum or stages from problem-free gambling all the way to pathological gambling (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005; Upfold, 2007). Messerlian & Derevensky (2005) states that â€Å"as gambling escalates and one moves along the continuum of gambling risk, the negative outcomes begin to outweigh any potential benefits† and this is when they would start experiencing different kinds of impaired personal, health, financial and social consequences. Treatments to Adolescent Gambling The numerous psychosocial costs of gambling to the individual, his/her family and to the community shows that this is a problem that must be addressed and treated (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002). Some adolescents do not know that they have a gambling addiction or disorder and this prevents them from getting proper treatment (ibid) however, with the intervention of family, friends or event the school, the adolescent may get treated. There are several kinds of treatment for adolescents who are already problem or pathological gamblers. Before these are discussed, prevention models for gambling will be discussed first since prevention is better than cure. Government policies should be stricter regarding gambling, particularly On-line gambling since that is readily accessible to the youth. Public policies that can influence the social environment and minimize unhealthy gambling behavior such as â€Å"legislation on advertising and promotion, laws regulating minimum age-requirements and their enforcement, provision of programs for harm minimization, fiscal measures, and regulation of the availability of products† should be balanced with the economic gains of the gambling industry (Messerlian & Derevensky 2005). Other prevention models suggested by Derevensky & Gupta (2002) include the need for awareness of the problem; activities that increase knowledge on adolescent gambling; programs to help modify and change attitude that gambling is not harmless; teaching of effective coping and adaptive skills to prevent problematic gambling; changing inappropriate conceptions about skill and luck, the illusion of control and independence in gambling activities; and identification, assessment and referral of students who are indicative of being at risk to gambling problems. Psychosocial approaches are one of the methods used to treat pathological gambling and this for adults this includes Gamblers Anonymous (Pietrzak et al. , 2006). For the adolescents several youth groups have been formed such as youthbet. net in Canada and wannabet. org in the United States; these website are managed by youths and non-governmental organizations to offer assistance and collaboration to adolescents (Messerlian & Derevensky, 2005). Piertzak et al. (2006) found that cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and eclectic therapy have been helpful in reducing problematic gambling behaviors. CBT involves altering the inaccurate perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of adolescents about gambling. The eclectic therapy is the individual approach to treating gambling problems and consists of: detailed assessment, acceptance of the problem, development of effective coping skills, restructuring of free time, involvement of family and social supports, cognitive restructuring, establishment of debt payment plans and relapse prevention (ibid). The motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is also used and is based on the concept that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, action and maintenance (ibid). In this approach, the therapist is non-confrontational and elicits the adolescent’s understanding of the consequences of gambling and strengthens the commitment to change the ways of the individual; since it has a shorter duration that CBT and other therapies, MET is recommended for onset problems (ibid). A disease model is also sometimes used to treat gambling problems. In this approach, the compulsive gambler is made to embrace abstinence from gambling, to participate in self-help groups and to maintain abstinence by going through therapy to deal with previous or latent psychological problems (Upfold, 2007). There is also the Ecological Approach wherein gambling behavior is viewed from multiple perspectives and addresses the behavior from an individual and socio-environmental level where interventions are made at five levels that affects an individual to gamble: biological, familial, behavioral, social and environmental (Messerlian & Derevesnky, 2005). Internal and external factors cause an adolescent to gamble. Occasional gambling is harmless but once exposed to gambling especially at a young age, gambling problems may occur and develop into an addiction, which may affect the social, academic and personal life of the adolescent. Treatments vary such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, eclectic therapy, motivational-enhancement therapy and ecological approach; however, prevention of adolescent gambling is still the best and this can be done through increased awareness about the public health problem and stricter government policies regarding access of adolescents to gambling venues, especially online gambling. Bibliography Bergevin, T. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. (2006). Adolescent gambling: Understanding the role of stress and coping. Journal of Gambling Studies, (22), 195-208. Derevensky, J. L. and Gupta, R. (2002). Youth gambling: A clinical and research perspective. The Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. camh. net/egambling/issue2/feature/index. html Felsher, J. R. , Derevensky, J. L. , Gupta, R. (2003). Parental influences and social modelling of youth lottery participation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13: 361-377. Hardoon, K. K. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. L. (2004). Psychosocial variables associated with adolescent gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18 (2), 170 – 179. Huang, J. H. and Boyer, R.. (2007). Epidemiology of youth gambling problems in Canada: A national prevalence study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52 (10). Messerlian, C. and Derevensky, M. (2005). Youth gambling: A public health perspective. Journal of Gambling Issues (14). Pietrzak, R. H. , Ladd, G. T. and Petry, N. M. (2003). Disordered gambling in adolescents: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Drugs, 5 (9), 583 – 592. Upfold, Darryl. (2007). An introduction to conceptual models of problem gambling. Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from http://www. problemgambling. ca/EN/ResourcesForProfessionals/Pages/AnIntroductiontoConceptualModelsofProblemGambling. aspx

Essay On Scaffolds - 819 Words

Currently, there is a global increase in cases of bone disorders and conditions, which is expected to increase as twice as much by 2020 particularly in countries where obesity and poor physical activity are associated with aging[1]. Although reconstructive orthopaedic surgery can be used to treat bone defects and injuries caused by trauma, additional treatments are required for severe breaks or pathological conditions as well as critical bone defects due to malformation, cancer or osteoporosis in order to effectively stimulate healing and regeneration. While traditional autologous and allogeneic bone grafting is ineffective for treating large injuries because of lack of graft vascularization, low cell viability in the host, and other†¦show more content†¦Poly (ÃŽ µ-caprolactone) is an aliphatic polyester that is commonly used for biomedical applications as well as for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The physical and biological properties of PCL makes it a useful biomed ical material[7]. Because PCL contains five CH2 Moieties in its repeating units, it doesnt degrade quickly which makes it suitable for commercial sutures or delivery devices as well as for applications requiring a long term load[8]. In addition, due to the fact that the aliphatic ester linkage of PCL is susceptible to hydrolysis, it is likely to undergo hydrolytic degradation [4, 5, 9]. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a good material for preparing scaffolds because its material properties can be modified to be more extensive by adjusting the molecular range as well as the lactic acid (LA)/glycolic acid (GA) ratios, unlike the poor characteristics exhibited by pure polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid. PLGA has been extensively used in bone tissue engineering in various ways (7-10). 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